![]() Undercover investigations are used less often than is commonly believed, due to the extended length of time required to gain access to criminal organizations, and the danger to the undercover officer if his or her identity is discovered (Kowalczyk and Sharps, 2017 Schmidt, 2009). Jurisdictions vary in the nature of the restrictions they place on undercover operations, with most focusing solely on prohibiting undercover agents from providing opportunities to commit crime, and committing crimes themselves. Their role is usually to become part of an existing criminal enterprise. ![]() a situation in which an agent or official originated the idea of the crime and induced the accused to engage in it in some jurisdictions, it is used as a defence to criminal charges). In most jurisdictions, undercover officers are not permitted to encourage suspects to commit crimes they would not ordinarily commit, either as an agent provocateur or through entrapment (i.e.
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